Pesticides are extensively used worldwide to increase yields in agricultural production. They are utilized to detroy weeds, kill insects, and prevent the spread of molds or bacteria. Exposure to low levels of pesticides in foods and agriculture products in our daily life is unavoidable, and exposure can be a risk to human health. Thus, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) gave authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate pesticides.1,2 The analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables is very important in the field of food safety. A routine testing for contaminated pesticides in fruits and vegetables must be performed to ensure toxic pesticides are below tolerance levels and foods are safe for consumption. The most time-consuming part of this analysis is the sample preparation. Liquid-liquid extraction has been previously used for sample preparation, but these methods are too time-consuming and use large quantities of solvents.3-6 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has essentially replaced liquid- liquid extraction due to the minimization of large volumes of organic solvent.7-12 However, the selectivity in conventional SPE has made it impossible to develop a comprehensive method for pesticide residue analysis. The chemistries of the various pesticides would require multiple extraction methods to screen the large number of possible pesticide residues.
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