Pesticides continue to contribute significantly to controlling and
destroying various types of agricultural pests and thereby improving food
production throughout the world. However, uncontrolled pesticide use has led to
the deaths of animals and humans (1). The
publication of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring (2)
is often acknowledged for increasing awareness of the potential health hazards
posed by pesticides. Routine and comprehensive testing of multiresidue
pesticides in food is important for regulatory agencies to ensure that
concentrations of toxic pesticides are below tolerance levels. Analysis of
target pesticides at low concentrations, particularly in grain products and
other food products of high fat content, requires cleanup or elimination of
matrix interferences prior to chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis.
Although liquid-liquid extraction and gel
permeation chromatography (GPC) have been commonly employed for cleanup with
multiresidue pesticide analysis (3, 4),
solid-phase extraction (SPE) largely replaced these traditional methods due to
its selectivity and elimination of large volumes of organic solvents (5-9).
The presence of fatty acids produces severe interferences with gas chromatography
of pesticides, and their removal is necessary prior to analysis. In recent
years, there has been a great amount of interest in using SPE to remove sample
matrix components from extracts, with most research focused on reducing or
eliminating fatty acids (3-5, 10, 11).
Florisil, strong anion-exchange sorbents (SAX) (5, 12), and weak anion-exchange sorbents including
primary-secondary amine (PSA) (13, 14), aminopropyl (-NH2)
(15, 16), and
diethylaminopropyl (DEA) (17) have been
investigated for removal of fatty acids naturally occurring in food samples. Of
the sorbents involved in previous studies, Florisil was found to be unsuitable
for multiresidue pesticide analysis because it strongly adsorbs polar
pesticides, such as organophosphate pesticides (18).
SAX was also reported to have little effect on the removal of fatty acids (5, 19). The aminopropyl and PSA sorbents were found
to provide the most effective cleanup (5),
with PSA being more efficient due to its higher capacity compared to
aminopropyl (14, 20)
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