Soil is a complex and heterogeneous matrix, containing both inorganic
and organic components [1], and is
often subject to intense chemical pollution. When chemical compounds reach the
soil, either via direct intentional application or as a result of accidental
spillage [2], many types of physicochemical
interactions occur [2,3].
These include adsorption, leaching, and degradation [3].
Adsorption and leaching processes are both influenced by physicochemical
properties of the soil and chemicals under consideration [3,4].
Generally, the water-soluble pesticides are more prone to leaching. This
leaching process is also affected by the nature of soil. In well-drained or
sandy soil, where the rate of water percolation is high, the leaching of these
pesticides is also quite significant. Degradation of pesticides is also a
complex phenomenon. The fate of pesticides prone to microbial degradation will
be dependent upon the microbial flora present and chemical properties of soil,
both of which will facilitate such degradation. Similarly, soil pH and other
chemical properties beyond those previously mentioned also affect the end
result of pesticide presence in the soil. Beyond the confines of the
contaminated area, compounds can be transported from soils to other
environmental systems, polluting natural resources and affecting ecosystems [5].
In summary, soil contamination by naturally occurring and anthropogenic organic
and inorganic chemicals is a serious human health and environmental problem [3,6,7].
Due to the low concentration levels of soil pollutants, sample preparation step
is needed to determine the type and quantity of .....
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