JA0030 DETERMINATION OF EXPLOSIVES IN WATER USING DISPOSABLE PIPETTE EXTRACTION AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
来源:Analytical Letters
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作者:Hongxia Guan and Katelyn Stewart
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发布时间: 2140天前
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2229 次浏览
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The use of disposable pipette extraction was examined for the simple and rapid determination of seven high explosives (cyclotrimethyl-enetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-methylnitramine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, nitroglycerin, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate) in water. The current study involved the determination of slightly polar and nonpolar explosives in water with a reversed phase sorbent followed by high performance liquid chromatography. The method was based on a styrene divinylbenzene sorbent loosely placed inside a 5-mL pipette tip. Water samples were drawn into the tip and mixed with the sorbent. Air bubbles were also drawn through the tip following sample solution to enhance mixing. Because disposable pipette extraction uses small amounts of sorbent, minimal solvent is required to elute analytes and solvent evaporation is not necessary. The method provided rapid sample preparation, and required less than five minutes to extract 1.0 mL of water sample in the current study. Matrix-matched calibration was performed, and the limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be below 0.1 lg mL1 for all targeted explosives in water with an enrichment factor of two. Coefficients of determination (r2) were greater than 0.9990 for all studied explosives, and the recoveries ranged from 69.76% to 87.51%, 83.77% to 91.25%, and 83.62% to 98.99% for samples spiked at 0.25 lg mL1, 1.0 lg mL1, and 5.0 lg mL1, respectively. The relative standard deviations of recoveries at all spiked levels were below 8.97%. These results indicate that the disposable pipette extraction method provided good accuracy and precision for the determination of explosives in water.
1 Introduction
The destruction resulting from the illegal use of high explosive materials has led to countless tragedies; often neglected, however, is the environmental harm caused by explosive residues. The hydrophilic nature and high mobility of most explosives indicate their potential for contamination of surface and ground water, and improper manufacturing, handling, storage, and disposal of explosives have been reported to contribute to contamination of water and surrounding areas (Crescenzi et al. 2007; Gaurav and Rai 2009; Jenkins et al. 1996; Talmage et al. 1999). As most explosives are toxic and carcinogenic (Yinon 1990; Robidoux et al. 2000; Robidoux et al. 2002), regulatory and public concern over explosives in water have increased due to potential health risks to humans and indigenous species. For example, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene experiences photodegradation upon exposure, producing di- and trinitrobenzene derivatives, all of which are potentially dangerous to human. Hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine are toxic to numerous terrestrial and aquatic systems, whereas methyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenylnitramine is mutagenic (Yinon 1990). Routine and comprehensive testing of explosives in water is important for regulatory agencies to ensure that concentrations of explosives are below toxic levels. It is crucial to develop simple and reliable methods for determination of explosives in water. .....
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